Executive summary about nursing mothers by Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Although breast milk is the ideal food for human infants, some women opt for formula feeding. Infant formulas have been developed to artificially duplicate human milk, although no formulas have been developed that are an exact replacement for human milk.
The nutritional advantages of breast milk are certainly numerous. The baby's intestinal tract is best aided in its digestion by the vitamins, enzymes, and minerals found in breast milk, also contains infection-fighting antibodies from the mother, and breast-fed babies are believed to be at a reduced risk for many acute and chronic infections early in life, the least expensive way to feed an infant. Formula-fed babies have the risk of developing an allergy to a particular formula. The only disadvantages for the baby in breastfeeding occur when things are not going well, for example, if there's an inadequate supply of breast milk. However, it is unusual for a mother not to produce enough milk for her baby unless she is not breastfeeding correctly. Breast-fed babies eat more often than formula-fed babies since breast milk is more quickly digested and leaves the stomach empty more frequently. In any interaction, the mother's doctor and pharmacist should be informed that she is breastfeeding. Some medicines should be avoided during breastfeeding.
Marijuana
Findings so far show that the regular use of marijuana may play a role in:
1. Cancer
It is hard to find out whether marijuana alone causes cancer, because many people who smoke marijuana also smoke cigarettes and use other drugs. Marijuana smoke contains some of the same cancer-causing compounds as tobacco, sometimes in higher concentrations. Tobacco and marijuana smoke may work together to change the tissues lining the respiratory tract. Marijuana smoking could contribute to early development of head and neck cancer in some people.
2. Immune system
It is not certain whether marijuana damages the immune system of people. But both animal and human studies have shown that marijuana impairs the ability of T-cells in the lungs’ immune system to fight off some infections.
3. Lungs and airways
Marijuana smokers usually inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer, which increases the lungs’ exposure to toxic chemicals and irritants.
Although one animal study has linked marijuana use to loss of the fetus very early in pregnancy, two studies in humans found no association between marijuana use and early pregnancy loss. More research is necessary to fully understand the effects of marijuana use on pregnancy outcomes.
When a nursing mother uses marijuana, some of the THC is passed to the baby through breast milk.
Although breast milk is the ideal food for human infants, some women opt for formula feeding. Infant formulas have been developed to artificially duplicate human milk, although no formulas have been developed that are an exact replacement for human milk.
The nutritional advantages of breast milk are certainly numerous. The baby's intestinal tract is best aided in its digestion by the vitamins, enzymes, and minerals found in breast milk, also contains infection-fighting antibodies from the mother, and breast-fed babies are believed to be at a reduced risk for many acute and chronic infections early in life, the least expensive way to feed an infant. Formula-fed babies have the risk of developing an allergy to a particular formula. The only disadvantages for the baby in breastfeeding occur when things are not going well, for example, if there's an inadequate supply of breast milk. However, it is unusual for a mother not to produce enough milk for her baby unless she is not breastfeeding correctly. Breast-fed babies eat more often than formula-fed babies since breast milk is more quickly digested and leaves the stomach empty more frequently. In any interaction, the mother's doctor and pharmacist should be informed that she is breastfeeding. Some medicines should be avoided during breastfeeding.
Marijuana
Findings so far show that the regular use of marijuana may play a role in:
1. Cancer
It is hard to find out whether marijuana alone causes cancer, because many people who smoke marijuana also smoke cigarettes and use other drugs. Marijuana smoke contains some of the same cancer-causing compounds as tobacco, sometimes in higher concentrations. Tobacco and marijuana smoke may work together to change the tissues lining the respiratory tract. Marijuana smoking could contribute to early development of head and neck cancer in some people.
2. Immune system
It is not certain whether marijuana damages the immune system of people. But both animal and human studies have shown that marijuana impairs the ability of T-cells in the lungs’ immune system to fight off some infections.
3. Lungs and airways
Marijuana smokers usually inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer, which increases the lungs’ exposure to toxic chemicals and irritants.
Although one animal study has linked marijuana use to loss of the fetus very early in pregnancy, two studies in humans found no association between marijuana use and early pregnancy loss. More research is necessary to fully understand the effects of marijuana use on pregnancy outcomes.
When a nursing mother uses marijuana, some of the THC is passed to the baby through breast milk.
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